Since preserving the history of Deaf people and their organizations is crucial to their survival, the Comite International des Sports des Sourds (C.I.S.S.), an international governing body for deaf sports, is facing new challenges in preserving the history of Deaf World Games.

Dr. Donalda Ammons, a professor in the Department of Foreign Languages and Literatures at Gallaudet University, is presently Secretary-General of the C.I.S.S. She is an author of numerous articles on Deaf sports and serves as field editor for PALESTRA, a professional quarterly journal on sports for the disabled.

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The goal of this workshop is to share with others what we have learned about Black Deaf History. We will share how we collected personal anecdotes, articles, books and references to teach a Black Deaf History course. The following subject areas will be discussed: Education, Community, Organizations, Notable Individuals.

Pamela Baldwin was born in Little Rock, Arkansas. She graduated from the Arkansas School for the Deaf in Little Rock, Arkansas in 1977. She received an associate of applied science degree in office technology in 1993 from Gallaudet University. Ms. Baldwin is presently pursuing a degree in business administration with a minor in Deaf Studies at Gallaudet University. She was employed with the Department of the Treasury for four years, and is currently working with the U.S. Department of Justice as an accounting Technician in Washington, D.C. Currently she serves as secretary of the District of Columbia Black Deaf Advocates (DCABD)

This paper documents our research into the teaching methods employed by teachers from Wallis in the mid 1600s to Baker in the 1870s, showing that the British system was predominantly manual and that the aim was the development of literacy in English, not spoken English. The paper also examines the transformation of this manual tradition from the 1880s to demonstrate that the increasing predominance of articulation in Deaf education in Britain was not due only, or primarily, to the impact of the pure oralists, but to the impact in Britain of the combined method, as conceptualized by Edward Miner Gallaudet and promoted by Francis Maginn.

Dr. Jan Branson is Professor of Education and Director of the National Institute for Deaf Studies and Sign Language Research at La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia.

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From the late 19^th through the 20^th century, Deaf citizens used independent and school-based newspapers to organize within the Deaf community and influence mainstream society. These newspapers exemplify a rich cultural cohesion regarding their determination to defend sign language during the very era that oral practices came to power.

Robert Buchanan is a history professor and Director of the Individualized Interdisciplinary BA/MA Programs at Goddard College, a progressive, liberal arts college in Vermont. Gallaudet Press is publishing his first book, Illusions of Equality, Deaf Students and Workers in the United States, 1850-1950, a study of the educational and employment history of Deaf women and men workers. He is currently researching and examining systemic obstacles facing Deaf people and other workers with disabilities in the wake of the ADA.

Deaf American Public Address: Outcomes from a New Course

A panel of faculty, student and staff members involved in a new university course describe learning outcomes from their study of deaf American public speakers. The presenters report on research, describe innovative learning approaches, and solicit involvement in expanding the knowledge base regarding the rhetoric of deaf public speakers.

Elwyn C. Canning is a Technology Training Specialist in Gallaudet University’s Learning Technology unit. His areas of interest include Web-based Database Applications, Information Systems and Online Learning. Originally from South Africa, Canning is a Gallaudet alumnus with a B.S. in Computer Mathematics. He resides in Maryland with his wife and children.

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This workshop focuses on practical ways to begin the process of “hands on” history within the Deaf Community, through the Deaf Heritage curriculum in the elementary school, and to cultivate outreach efforts toward the local Historical Societies and other sites. The presenters will share their experiences of five years of historical research about the life of Alice Cogswell and the research on the many deaf connections to the Amistad affair. This research was assembled into two manuscripts and then incorporated into the Deaf Heritage curriculum at the American School for the Deaf. Slides of manuscript illustrations, materials, and student activities will be included.

Katherine Carver has her M.A. in education from Springfield College. She has a B.A. degree from Gallaudet University. She presently serves as a senior Rehabilitation Counselor for Connecticut Bureau of Rehabilitation Services. Former Executive Director of the Connecticut State Commission on the Deaf and Director of Adult Vocational Services at the American School for the Deaf. She is presently working on an unpublished manuscript “A is for Alice” a picture book about Alice Cogswell who was the catalyst for implementing center schools for the Deaf starting in Hartford 1817.

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In addition to deaf writers themselves, the hearing children of deaf parents-codas-represent an important segment of the Deaf community experience. Three coda panelists describe their respective historical research and publications and address the broader question of what codas can contribute to the field of Deaf History.

In addition to deaf writers themselves, the hearing children of deaf parents-codas-represent an important segment of the Deaf community experience. Three coda panelists describe their respective historical research and publications and address the broader question of what codas can contribute to the field of Deaf History.

Eva Dicker Eiseman’s parents are Abe and Hilda Barash, Russian Jewish immigrants to the United States. With her brother Harvey, Eiseman researched and published a biography and family history: Our Father Abe, The Story of a Deaf Shoe Repairman (1991). She earned her M.S. degree in Deaf Education at Gallaudet University. Afterwards, Eiseman had a long career as a classroom teacher of deaf children, interpreter, and interpreter trainer.

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Working more than 25 years as a teacher of deaf children I noticed that all characters and heroes of historical events were people with normal hearing. But my research indicates that hearing AND deaf people shared in many historical events. The purpose of my research is to preserve this information so that future generations will know about how deaf people served as heroes of the battle and the home front. This Great Patriotic War (World War II) is an “Unknown War” because very few know about the participation of deaf persons. Russians, Ukrainians, Belorussians, the hearing and the deaf all worked at factories in the Urals, Siberia, Moscow, Leningrad. In the whole of the Soviet Union 4300 non-hearing people were decorated with orders and medals for their contribution towards the victory. The report would be supported by photographs and documents.

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A panel of faculty, student and staff members involved in a new university course describe learning outcomes from their study of deaf American public speakers. The presenters report on research, describe innovative learning approaches, and solicit involvement in expanding the knowledge base regarding the rhetoric of deaf public speakers.

Jack R. Gannon retired in 1996 as Special Assistant for Advocacy to the President ending a 29-year career at Gallaudet University in Washington, D.C. He was deafened at the age of eight as a result of spinal meningitis. He is the author of Deaf Heritage, A Narrative History of Deaf America, published by the National Association of the Deaf (NAD) in 1981. The book was a joint project of the NAD and Gallaudet University. It has been called the “Roots” of the Deaf Community and “the most comprehensive history of deaf people [in the USA]. In 1981 it was selected as one of the International Year of Disabled Persons “Book Award” winners. His second book, The Week the World Heard Gallaudet, records the “Deaf President Now” protest at Gallaudet University in 1988 and is now in its second printing. In 1991 this book was selected by the New York Public Library as a recommended book for youth. He is currently working on his third book, a history of the World Federation of the Deaf.

Dr. Gannon is in demand as a speaker and has traveled and spoken extensively. He has received numerous honors, including the first Missouri School for the Deaf “Distinguished Alumni Award,” and the National Association of the Deaf “Distinguished Service Award, and an honorary doctorate from Gallaudet University.

In addition to writing, Dr. Gannon is curator of a national exhibition, “History Through DEAF EYES,” being planned for possible exhibit at the Smithsonian Institution to be followed by a tour of the United States.

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Since preserving the history of Deaf people and their organizations is crucial to their survival, the C.I.S.S., an international governing body for deaf sports, is facing new challenges in preserving the history of Deaf World Games.

Mr. Terry Giansanti, a recent graduate with a B.A. degree in English from Gallaudet University, has recently completed a ten-month internship with C.I.S.S. museum in Rome. He has been covering sports events at the Deaf World Games as a sports journalist for the United States of America Deaf Sports Federation.

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The collection is a resource for past and present students, staff and research people, and the Deaf and wider community. The collection facilitates supervised hands-on access, loan of copies of archived material such as films, videos, slides, and photos. In addition, archival material is regularly included in the online, printed publications and multimedia production of the Centre.

Susan Hamilton is Kelston Deaf Education Centre’s first School Archivist. She started fifteen months ago developing a database to allow areas of the archives to be used with the Centre’s Deaf Studies Program. Susan is a former student of both Titirangi and Kelston School for the Deaf and Dux of the School in 1996. She became involved with the school archives as a result of the school Jubilee Reunion and her interest in history. Susan has had success as a semi-professional draughtswoman and Information Technician (Computer Aid Design) for the Auckland Regional Council for 23 years and has been a President of the Deaf Association of New Zealand.

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The purpose of this presentation is to share findings about Deaf people and Deaf communities on the home front in America during World War II (WWII). The goal of my research is to construct the social history of Deaf Americans in WWII and to document Deaf Americans’ rightful place in the mainstream history of WWII. As an outcome of this research, I will produce a one-hour documentary film and a book of resource materials.

Dr. Barbara Kannapell specialized in sociolinguistics at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C. Currently, she serves as a consultant on Deaf Culture. She teaches and conducts workshops on Deaf Culture and Bilingualism across the country and in Europe. She has been associated with Gallaudet University for 25 years as a research assistant and linguistics specialist, and served as chairperson of the President Council on Deafness. She was one of the co-founders of Deafpride, Inc., a community-based organization in Washington, DC which advocated for the rights of Deaf people and their families.

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This presentation will focus on how the first National Association of Native American Deaf Conference (NANAD) came into existence. The transition from NANAD to the Intertribal Deaf Council (IDC) will be discussed. In addition, incidence of hearing loss and perceptions toward deafness among Native American Deaf individuals and their families will be briefly discussed.

Walter Paul Kelley, a native Deaf Texan, attended both an oral school for deaf children and regular public schools. He received his B.A. degree in communications from Baylor University in Waco, Texas and his M.A. degree in elementary Deaf education at Gallaudet University.

Presently, he is a multicultural special education doctoral candidate at the University of Texas at Austin. Kelley was one of the founders of the National Association of Native American Deaf (NANAD), now called the Intertribal Deaf Council (IDC).

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Did the National Socialist regime label the circa 10.000 Austrian Deaf “unworthy life”? Were they systematically sterilized (as were the German Deaf)? Did some Deaf become committed National Socialists? How was the Deaf community changed after the end of the war? The experience of the Austrian Deaf under National Socialist rule is many-sided.

Verena Krausneker is a sociolinguist in Vienna, Austria. She is currently writing her Ph.D. thesis in contemporary history. She has worked on the issues of Sign Language Recognition, Minority Language Politics and Racism.

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We hypothesize that a genetic difference in the New Hampshire and Vineyard Deaf communities in the 18^th and 19^th centuries gave rise to a different mix of hearing and Deaf people in families, which led to differences in the spread of sign language, the rate of intermarriage, and the development of Deaf group consciousness.

Harlan Lane is the author of numerous articles in professional journals concerning speech, hearing, and Deaf people. He has also authored several books, among them, The Wild Boy of Averyon: Foundations of Special Education (Harvard University Press); When the Mind Hears: A History of the Deaf (Random House); and The Mask of Benevolence: Disabling the Deaf Community (Alfred Knopf). He is currently Distinguished University Professor at Northeastern University and Research Associate at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

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Deaf people around the world have played critical roles in the history of telecommunications over the past 300 years, including making significant advances in telegraphy, telephony, and the Internet. This presentation will summarize historical research for a book about how Deaf people in the United States, unable to interest the telephone industry ("Ma Bell") to assist them, developed their own telephone technology which brought access and independence.

Harry G. Lang is a professor in the NTID Department of Research. He taught physics and math for many years and was principal investigator in several National Science Foundation grants to study technology and the Deaf community, and to prepare science teachers through regional workshops. He is the author of the book A Phone of Our Own: The Deaf Insurrection Against Ma Bell, published by Gallaudet University Press this Spring

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The goal of this workshop is to share with others what we have learned about Black Deaf History. We will share how we collected personal anecdotes, articles, books and references to teach a Black Deaf History course. The following subject areas will be discussed: Education, Community, Organizations, Notable Individuals.

Carolyn McCaskill-Emerson is a graduate of the Alabama School for the Deaf in Talladega, Alabama. Carolyn completed a B.A. degree in psychology with a minor in social work, and a M.A. degree in Counseling of the Deaf. She is enrolled in a Ph. D. program at Howard University. She went on to become Coordinator of Minority Achievement and Multicultural Programs at the Laurent Clerc National Deaf Education Center. Currently, Carolyn is an Assistant Professor in the Deaf Studies Department at Gallaudet University.

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Dr. Don Miller is Associate Professor and Head of Anthropology at Monash University in Melbourne, Australia.

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A panel of faculty, student and staff members involved in a new Gallaudet University course describe learning outcomes from their study of deaf American public speakers. The presenters report on research, describe innovative learning approaches, and solicit involvement in expanding the knowledge base regarding the rhetoric of deaf public speakers.

What is the role of museums in teaching history and what kinds of means can be used in this task? Genuine objects, exhibitions but also new ways of producing educational materials can be used The Museum of the Deaf decided to present the history of Finnish deaf education in a sign-language multimedia program.

Tiina Naukkarinen has studied ethnology and archaeology in the University of Helsinki. She has gained working experience in several museums in Finland, and she started her work in the Finnish Association of the Deaf in 1987. She has been a full time museum curator in the museum of the Deaf since 1994. Her job is to take care of the collections, arrange exhibitions, and produce material on Deaf history etc.

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A well-known leisure theorist noted that “the future will belong not only to the educated man (sic) but to the man who is educated to… use leisure wisely.” This presentation will link information from leisure studies to information concerning the history, culture, and future of Deaf people. Analysis of historic and biographical writing from the perspective of leisure theory will be presented.

Gina A. Oliva is an Associate Professor in the Department of Physical Education and Recreation at Gallaudet University. She has been involved in developing, organizing, leading, analyzing, and evaluating an extensive variety of recreation and leisure programs and activities during most of her professional career spanning almost 30 years at Gallaudet University. She earned her doctorate in Recreation and Leisure Studies, with an emphasis in program planning and administration, from the University of Maryland in 1994. She received her BA in Psychology from Washington College (Chestertown, Maryland) in 1972 and her MA in Counseling from Gallaudet College in 1976.

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The Life History of Deaf Signers, an Online Data Project Demonstration/Discussion with Takeshi Yamaji (USA) and Ted Supalla (USA)

A multimedia demonstration of my research project exposing the audience to the rich possibilities for not only doing this kind of research, but of building databases which can be shared with and accessed by people throughout the world. With this online access to Takeshi Yamaji, I would like to suggest that we, as researchers, can go further in double-checking our methods and improving upon any weaknesses in them. Takashi Yamaji, a Japanese-American, will join in to share his perceptions and reactions to the method of inquiry used. Dr. Ted Supalla, would explain how to integrate institutional goals with this type of research.

A deaf native of Japan, Yutaka Osugi earned his PhD in Linguistics from the University of Rochester under the supervision of Dr. Ted Supalla and the Sign Language Research Center in 1997. Following graduation, Dr. Osugi remained in Rochester to teach, develop Japanese Sign Language curriculum, and conduct research on signed languages. After nine years in America, Dr. Osugi has returned to Japan to work with the Deaf Community there as the Executive Director of the Japanese Federation of the Deaf.

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This museum, created in the native city of Ferdinand Berthier (1803-1886) by the association CLSFBERTHIER, will be, in France, the first place of conservation, public exhibition, and research on the historical, cultural and linguistic patrimony of the Deaf.

Armand Pelletier is responsible for “Patrimony of the Deaf” a project which is a part of the National Federation of the Deaf of France. He has received medals of honor from the Ministry of Youth and Sports and knighthood in the Order of Academic Palms. In 1999, he was the organizer of the congress of the National Federation of the Deaf of France.

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Since preserving the history of deaf people and their organizations is crucial to their survival, the Comite International des Sports des Sourds, an international governing body for deaf sports, is facing new challenges in preserving the history of Deaf World Games.

Rafael Pinchas, originally from Uzbekistan and now a resident of New York, has written articles for C.I.S.S. Bulletin and other newspapers for the Deaf. Since 1996, he has also served as Chair of the C.I.S.S. Sportsman and Sportswoman Selection Committee.

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The subject of my presentation is Martin de Martin y Ruiz (1852 – 1899), the first Deaf – Blind person to be educated in Spain. How to teach a Deaf-blind person was a favorite topic of theoretical discussion among Enlightenment philosophers and men of science, and when Martin de Martin entered the Spanish National School for Deaf-mutes and the Blind in 1869, he offered teachers their opportunity to put their theories to the test. This study examines Martin’s childhood, his education and his thirty years at the National School.

Susan Plann is a Professor of Spanish and Portuguese at the University of California, Los Angeles. She is the author of A silent Minority: Deaf Education in Span, 1550 – 1835 (University of California Press 1997) and numerous articles on Spanish Deaf History. During 1994 professor Plann held the Powrie Doctor Chair for Deaf Studies at Gallaudet University.

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This paper discusses the life and work of the French Deaf Leader, Ferdinand Berthier. Although, traditionally, studied in terms of the Banquet Movement of the 1830s, it is important to consider Berthier’s career in terms of the variety of writings that he produced. The author discusses Berthier’s ideas about the cultural and political needs of the Deaf community based on his writings and how these views corresponded to values in nineteenth-century French society.

Ann Quartararo is currently Professor of History at the United States Naval Academy in Annapolis, Maryland (USA). After receiving her Ph.D. in modern European history from the University of California, Los Angeles in 1982, her first research project on French education produced Women Teachers and Popular Education in Nineteenth-Century France. Subsequently she has published a number of articles on French Deaf history based on her ongoing research from the French National Archives, the Paris Deaf Institute, and Gallaudet University. Some of her publications have appeared in “Deaf History Unveiled, Collages: Work on International Deaf History, and the Journal of Social History.” During the spring semester 1999, she was in residence at Gallaudet University as the Powrie V Doctor Chair of Deaf Studies. Dr. Quartararo is presently completing a book-length study of the Deaf community in nineteenth-century France.

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In addition to Deaf writers themselves, the hearing children of deaf parents-codas-represent an important segment of the Deaf community experience. Three coda panelists describe their respective historical research and publications and address the broader question of what codas can contribute to the field of Deaf History.

John Stanley Schuchman’s parents are Harry and Florence Schuchman of Indianapolis, Indiana. Trained as a historian, Schuchman recently retired from the Gallaudet University faculty. He has written and lectured about film/television depictions of deaf people oral history and the deaf persons and the Holocaust. In addition to numerous articles, he has published Hollywood Speaks, Deafness and the Film Entertainment Industry (paperback edition, 1999).

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Talukder Shamim Shobuj is currently a candidate seeking his M.A. He has served as a teacher in Bogra Deaf & Dumb School since 1996. He has written many poems, and his articles related to disability issues have appeared in various magazines and newspapers.

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History of Russian "Deaf Towns"

This paper discusses a system of special settlements for the Deaf established in the Soviet time.  Those "deaf areas" usually included a factory where the majority of the employees were deaf, a deaf club, and apartment blocks for deaf workers.  The authors attempt to analyze the history of "Deaftowns" and its impact on the Deaf community today.

Elena is a graduate of both State Technological University and the Moscow Pedagogical University.  She worked as an engineer and headed a local deaf club in Moscow.  She has been working as a teacher of mathematics and Russian in the Moscow Bilingual School for the Deaf since 1992.  She does research on deaf history and education.

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This workshop focuses on practical ways to begin the process of “hands on” history within the Deaf Community, through the Deaf Heritage curriculum in the elementary school, and to cultivate outreach efforts toward the local Historical Societies and other sites. The presenters will share their experiences of five years of historical research about the life of Alice Cogswell and the research on the many Deaf connections to the Amistad affair. This research was assembled into two manuscripts and then incorporated into the Deaf Heritage curriculum at the American School for the Deaf. Slides of manuscript illustrations, materials, and students activities will be included.

Kim A. Silva has her M.A. in Education of the Deaf from Gallaudet University. She has been a teacher at the American School for the Deaf since 1980. Currently she works as a teacher/librarian at the Lower School and is responsible for both historical research and coordination of lessons and activities for staff and students during Deaf Heritage Week. She gave a lecture about Deaf connection to Amistad affair at the Connecticut Historical Society as part of the Clerc Grave Restoration Ceremony, April 1998. She also co-presented a workshop, “ A is For Alice…”at the CAID convention in 1997.

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The collection is a resource for past and present students, staff and research people, and the Deaf and wider community. The collection facilitates supervised hands-on access, loan of copies of archived material such as films, videos, slides, and photos. In addition, archival material is regularly included in the online, printed publications and multimedia production of the Kelston Deaf Education Centre.

Eileen Smith has been Principal of the Centre for 11 years. In 1993, she worked with members of the Deaf community to establish a museum and archive of Deaf Education at the Centre. Eileen has taught Deaf Students since 1967 in the United Kingdom and New Zealand. She has also been an Advisor on Deaf Children. In the 1999 New Years Honors List, Eileen was made an Officer of the New Zealand Order of Merit for her services to the Deaf Community.

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Ted Supalla is a second generation Deaf signer and a cognitive scientist. He has been interested in how a gestural language like ASL could have evolved. His research is in 3 main areas: first, the comparison between spoken language and signed language structure, to determine whether and in what ways the input-output modalities of language influence the nature of structural properties; second, the continuum from gesture to signed language, comparing “home sign” systems devised within individual families with Deaf members, and full sign language such as ASL; third, grammaticalization of gestural features during early stages in the evolution of signed language. For historical linguistic work on signed languages, he is reconstructing the grammar and literary traditions of ASL in the late 19^th and early 20^th centuries, through a structural analysis of ASL narratives filmed by the National Association of the Deaf 1910 to 1920. He is now developing a database of video clips of ASL sentences excerpted from this film collection. He has also written papers on the procedures for achieving such material and making them available to researchers and students.

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A panel of faculty, student and staff members involved in a new university course describe learning outcomes from their study of Deaf American public speakers. The presenters report on research, describe innovative learning approaches, and solicit involvement in expanding the knowledge base regarding the rhetoric of deaf public speakers.

Russell O. West, a native of Kentucky raised in a hearing family, graduated from Gallaudet University in 1999 with a B.A. degree in Communication Arts. As an undergraduate, he served in leadership positions including president of his fraternity and Editor-in-Chief of the Tower Clock yearbook. While a student, Mr. West also worked with Gallaudet’s Public Relations Office.

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This workshop will demonstrate how the presenter, a high school history teacher, implemented Deaf History in the High School Social Studies Essential Curriculum at the Maryland School for the Deaf (MSD). Using various materials, activities, and methods. Whitt will show how the MSD essential Curriculum helps set consistently higher expectations throughout the school community

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Takeshi Yamaji is a second generation Deaf Japanese immigrant to the United States who has been sharing his life stories with Yutaka Osugi. His life stories reveal that he has encountered the double oppression of being both Deaf and Asian in employment, education, and participation in society, and confronted complex language barriers in every aspect of life.

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The Fate of Deaf Jewish Survivors Who Were Not in Nazi Concentration Camps

There are several stories about Deaf survivors of concentration camps. But there also are other stories about deaf Jewish people who survived without living in a concentration camps. This is uncommon. During this workshop, we will discuss about famous people, who survived and were active in policy and art like dancing and painting. The historical root of some signs and the role of the Deaf newspapers and the impact of double identity will also be discussed.

Mark Zaurov was born in Moscow in 1972 and had come to Germany from Israel with his parent and Deaf sister in 1981. Zaurov is also deaf. Zaurov came from a Russian Jewish family which emigrated in 1974 from the Soviet Union into Israel. Zaurov graduated from Technology College in Essen in 1993. Zaurov is currently studying for his M.A. degree in deaf studies, German sign language and history at the University of Hamburg, Germany. He is also working on a scientific project about non-German Deaf people living in Germany who represent a so-called double minority. Zaurov participated in the First Deaf German History Congress in Leipzig in 1997. Since 1997, Zaurov has held lectures about Judaism and Deaf Jewish history in Cologne, Hamburg, L.A. and Bermuda.

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